Running in production

    Database

    By default, CometBFT uses the syndtr/goleveldb package for its in-process key-value database.

    CometBFT keeps multiple distinct databases in the $CMTHOME/data:

    By default, CometBFT will only index transactions by their hash and height, if you want the result events to be indexed, see indexing transactions for details.

    Applications can expose block pruning strategies to the node operator. Please read the documentation of your application to find out more details.

    Applications can use state sync to help nodes bootstrap quickly.

    Logging

    Default logging level (log_level = "main:info,state:info,statesync:info,*:error") should suffice for normal operation mode. It will log info messages from the main, state and statesync modules and error messages from all other modules.

    The format of the logging level is:

    <module1>:<level>,<module2>:<level>,...,<moduleN>:<level>

    Where <moduleN> is the module that generated the log message, <level> is one of the log levels: info, error, debug or none. Some of the modules can be found here. Others could be observed by running CometBFT. none log level could be used to suppress messages from a particular module or all modules (log_level = "state:info,*:none" will only log info messages from the state module).

    If you’re trying to debug CometBFT or asked to provide logs with debug logging level, you can do so by running CometBFT with --log_level="*:debug".

    Stripping debug log messages at compile-time

    Logging debug messages can lead to significant memory allocations, especially when outputting variable values. In Go, even if log_level is not set to debug, these allocations can still occur because the program evaluates the debug statements regardless of the log level.

    To prevent unnecessary memory usage, you can strip out all debug-level code from the binary at compile time using build flags. This approach improves the performance of CometBFT by excluding debug messages entirely, even when log_level is set to debug. This technique is ideal for production environments that prioritize performance optimization over debug logging.

    In order to build a binary stripping all debug log messages (e.g. log.Debug()) from the binary, use the nodebug tag:

    COMETBFT_BUILD_OPTIONS=nodebug make install

    Note: Compiling CometBFT with this method will completely disable all debug messages. If you require debug output, avoid compiling the binary with the nodebug build tag.

    Write Ahead Logs (WAL)

    CometBFT uses write ahead logs for the consensus (cs.wal) and the mempool (mempool.wal). Both WALs have a max size of 1GB and are automatically rotated.

    Consensus WAL

    The consensus.wal is used to ensure we can recover from a crash at any point in the consensus state machine. It writes all consensus messages (timeouts, proposals, block part, or vote) to a single file, flushing to disk before processing messages from its own validator. Since CometBFT validators are expected to never sign a conflicting vote, the WAL ensures we can always recover deterministically to the latest state of the consensus without using the network or re-signing any consensus messages.

    If your consensus.wal is corrupted, see below.

    Mempool WAL

    The mempool.wal logs all incoming transactions before running CheckTx, but is otherwise not used in any programmatic way. It’s just a kind of manual safe guard. Note the mempool provides no durability guarantees - a tx sent to one or many nodes may never make it into the blockchain if those nodes crash before being able to propose it. Clients must monitor their transactions by subscribing over websockets, polling for them, or using /broadcast_tx_commit. In the worst case, transactions can be resent from the mempool WAL manually.

    For the above reasons, the mempool.wal is disabled by default. To enable, set mempool.wal_dir to where you want the WAL to be located (e.g. data/mempool.wal).

    DoS Exposure and Mitigation

    Validators are supposed to setup Sentry Node Architecture to prevent Denial-of-Service attacks.

    P2P

    The core of the CometBFT peer-to-peer system is MConnection. Each connection has MaxPacketMsgPayloadSize, which is the maximum packet size and bounded send & receive queues. One can impose restrictions on send & receive rate per connection (SendRate, RecvRate).

    The number of open P2P connections can become quite large, and hit the operating system’s open file limit (since TCP connections are considered files on UNIX-based systems). Nodes should be given a sizable open file limit, e.g. 8192, via ulimit -n 8192 or other deployment-specific mechanisms.

    RPC

    Attack Exposure and Mitigation

    It is generally not recommended for RPC endpoints to be exposed publicly, and especially so if the node in question is a validator, as the CometBFT RPC does not currently provide advanced security features. Public exposure of RPC endpoints without appropriate protection can make the associated node vulnerable to a variety of attacks.

    It is entirely up to operators to ensure, if nodes’ RPC endpoints have to be exposed publicly, that appropriate measures have been taken to mitigate against attacks. Some examples of mitigation measures include, but are not limited to:

    If no expertise is available to the operator to assist with securing nodes’ RPC endpoints, it is strongly recommended to never expose those endpoints publicly.

    Under no condition should any of the unsafe RPC endpoints ever be exposed publicly.

    Endpoints Returning Multiple Entries

    Endpoints returning multiple entries are limited by default to return 30 elements (100 max). See the RPC Documentation for more information.

    Debugging CometBFT

    If you ever have to debug CometBFT, the first thing you should probably do is check out the logs. See How to read logs, where we explain what certain log statements mean.

    If, after skimming through the logs, things are not clear still, the next thing to try is querying the /status RPC endpoint. It provides the necessary info: whenever the node is syncing or not, what height it is on, etc.

    curl http(s)://{ip}:{rpcPort}/status

    /dump_consensus_state will give you a detailed overview of the consensus state (proposer, latest validators, peers states). From it, you should be able to figure out why, for example, the network had halted.

    curl http(s)://{ip}:{rpcPort}/dump_consensus_state

    There is a reduced version of this endpoint - /consensus_state, which returns just the votes seen at the current height.

    If, after consulting with the logs and above endpoints, you still have no idea what’s happening, consider using cometbft debug kill sub-command. This command will scrap all the available info and kill the process. See Debugging for the exact format.

    You can inspect the resulting archive yourself or create an issue on Github. Before opening an issue however, be sure to check if there’s no existing issue already.

    Monitoring CometBFT

    Each CometBFT instance has a standard /health RPC endpoint, which responds with 200 (OK) if everything is fine and 500 (or no response) - if something is wrong.

    Other useful endpoints include mentioned earlier /status, /net_info and /validators.

    CometBFT also can report and serve Prometheus metrics. See Metrics.

    cometbft debug dump sub-command can be used to periodically dump useful information into an archive. See Debugging for more information.

    What happens when my app dies

    You are supposed to run CometBFT under a process supervisor (like systemd or runit). It will ensure CometBFT is always running (despite possible errors).

    Getting back to the original question, if your application dies, CometBFT will panic. After a process supervisor restarts your application, CometBFT should be able to reconnect successfully. The order of restart does not matter for it.

    Signal handling

    We catch SIGINT and SIGTERM and try to clean up nicely. For other signals we use the default behavior in Go: Default behavior of signals in Go programs.

    Corruption

    NOTE: Make sure you have a backup of the CometBFT data directory.

    Possible causes

    Remember that most corruption is caused by hardware issues:

    Other causes can be:

    (Source: https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Corruption)

    WAL Corruption

    If consensus WAL is corrupted at the latest height and you are trying to start CometBFT, replay will fail with panic.

    Recovering from data corruption can be hard and time-consuming. Here are two approaches you can take:

    1. Delete the WAL file and restart CometBFT. It will attempt to sync with other peers.
    2. Try to repair the WAL file manually:

    1) Create a backup of the corrupted WAL file:

    ```sh
cp "$CMTHOME/data/cs.wal/wal" > /tmp/corrupted_wal_backup
```

    2) Use ./scripts/wal2json to create a human-readable version:

    ```sh
./scripts/wal2json/wal2json "$CMTHOME/data/cs.wal/wal" > /tmp/corrupted_wal
```

    3) Search for a “CORRUPTED MESSAGE” line. 4) By looking at the previous message and the message after the corrupted one and looking at the logs, try to rebuild the message. If the consequent messages are marked as corrupted too (this may happen if length header got corrupted or some writes did not make it to the WAL ~ truncation), then remove all the lines starting from the corrupted one and restart CometBFT.

    ```sh
$EDITOR /tmp/corrupted_wal
```

    5) After editing, convert this file back into binary form by running:

    ```sh
./scripts/json2wal/json2wal /tmp/corrupted_wal  $CMTHOME/data/cs.wal/wal
```

    Hardware

    Processor and Memory

    While actual specs vary depending on the load and validators count, minimal requirements are:

    SSD disks are preferable for applications with high transaction throughput.

    Recommended:

    While for now, CometBFT stores all the history and it may require significant disk space over time, we are planning to implement state syncing (See this issue). So, storing all the past blocks will not be necessary.

    Validator signing on 32-bit architectures (or ARM)

    Both our ed25519 and secp256k1 implementations require constant time uint64 multiplication. Non-constant time crypto can (and has) leaked private keys on both ed25519 and secp256k1. This doesn’t exist in hardware on 32 bit x86 platforms (source), and it depends on the compiler to enforce that it is constant time. It’s unclear at this point whether the Golang compiler does this correctly for all implementations.

    We do not support nor recommend running a validator on 32-bit architectures OR the “VIA Nano 2000 Series”, and the architectures in the ARM section rated “S-“.

    Operating Systems

    CometBFT can be compiled for a wide range of operating systems thanks to Go language (the list of $OS/$ARCH pairs can be found here).

    While we do not favor any operation system, more secure and stable Linux server distributions (like CentOS) should be preferred over desktop operation systems (like Mac OS).

    Miscellaneous

    NOTE: if you are going to use CometBFT in a public domain, make sure you read hardware recommendations for a validator in the Cosmos network.

    Configuration parameters

    If you are going to use CometBFT in a private domain and you have a private high-speed network among your peers, it makes sense to lower flush throttle timeout and increase other params.

    [p2p]

send_rate=20000000 # 2MB/s
recv_rate=20000000 # 2MB/s
flush_throttle_timeout=10
max_packet_msg_payload_size=10240 # 10KB

    After every block, CometBFT rechecks every transaction left in the mempool to see if transactions committed in that block affected the application state, so some of the transactions left may become invalid. If that does not apply to your application, you can disable it by setting mempool.recheck=false.

    Setting this to false will stop the mempool from relaying transactions to other peers until they are included in a block. It means only the peer you send the tx to will see it until it is included in a block.

    You can try to reduce the time your node sleeps before checking if there’s something to send its peers.

    We want timeout_commit to be greater than zero when there is economics on the line because proposers should wait to hear for more votes. But if you don’t care about that and want the fastest consensus, you can skip it. It will be kept 1s by default for public deployments (e.g. Cosmos Hub) while for enterprise applications, setting it to 0 is not a problem.

    You can try lowering it though.

    Notice that the timeout_commit configuration flag was deprecated in v1.0. It is now up to the application to return a next_block_delay value upon FinalizeBlock to define how long CometBFT should wait from when it has committed a block until it actually starts the next height. Notice that this delay includes the time it takes for CometBFT and the application to process the committed block.

    By default, CometBFT checks whenever a peer’s address is routable before saving it to the address book. The address is considered as routable if the IP is valid and within allowed ranges.

    This may not be the case for private or local networks, where your IP range is usually strictly limited and private. If that case, you need to set addr_book_strict to false (turn it off).

    By default, the number of simultaneous connections is limited because most OS give you limited number of file descriptors.

    If you want to accept greater number of connections, you will need to increase these limits.

    Sysctls to tune the system to be able to open more connections

    The process file limits must also be increased, e.g. via ulimit -n 8192.

    …for N connections, such as 50k:

    kern.maxfiles=10000+2*N         # BSD
kern.maxfilesperproc=100+2*N    # BSD
kern.ipc.maxsockets=10000+2*N   # BSD
fs.file-max=10000+2*N           # Linux
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans=N      # Linux

# For load-generating clients.
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range="10000  65535"  # Linux.
net.inet.ip.portrange.first=10000  # BSD/Mac.
net.inet.ip.portrange.last=65535   # (Enough for N < 55535)
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse=1         # Linux
net.inet.tcp.maxtcptw=2*N       # BSD

# If using netfilter on Linux:
net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_max=N
echo $((N/8)) > /sys/module/nf_conntrack/parameters/hashsize

    The similar option exists for limiting the number of gRPC connections - rpc.grpc_max_open_connections.

    Decorative Orb